A Mandala of Symbols

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The square with the circle represents the building, in the centre of which lives deity. The building is constructed to face in four directions. According to Tibetan convention, east is in front, and south, west, and north follow in the clockwise direction. There is a door in each direction, generally guarded by gate protectors. Here each gateway has a Dharma chakra. The square inside the doors has auspicious stylized symbols and designs.

The inner square contains nine smaller squares containing auspicious symbols and syllable mantra Ah, encircled with lotus petals, that represent deities. Ah is the vijamantra of Amoghasiddhi Buddha. Amoghasiddhi is the head of the action Buddha clan, and he symbolizes the practical realization of all the wisdom of the other four Tathagatas. Moreover he is believed to be 'unfailingly successful and to have the power of infallible magic.

Outside the circle, upper and lower corners are rendered with syllable mantra Ah encircled with lotus petals. The background of the painting is black which has a special meaning in esoteric practices and rituals. Moreover black background and black thangkas are considered as highly mystical and esoteric, usually reserved for advanced practices. It is used for terrific ritual actions, the radical conquest of evil in its forms – conquests not by annihilating, but by turning even evil into good. Further the present thangka is very suitable for the sadhana to tame the bad elements and motivations and for boon of peace and prosperity.

This description by Dr. Shailendra K. Verma, his Ph.D. thesis being "Emergence and Evolution of the Buddha Image (From its inception to 8th century A.D.)."

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Unveiling the Divine Art: Journey into the Making of Thangkas

A Thangka is a traditional Tibetan Buddhist painting that usually depicts a Buddhist Deity (Buddha or Bodhisattva), a scene, or a mandala. These paintings are considered important paraphernalia in Buddhist rituals. They are used to teach the life of the Buddha, various lamas, and Bodhisattvas to the monastic students, and are also useful in visualizing the deity while meditating. One of the most important subjects of thangkas is the Bhavacakra (the wheel of life) which depicts the Art of Enlightenment. It is believed that Thangka paintings were developed over the centuries from the murals, of which only a few can be seen in the Ajanta caves in India and the Mogao caves in Gansu Province, Tibet. Thangkas are painted on cotton or silk applique and are usually small in size. The artist of these paintings is highly trained and has a proper understanding of Buddhist philosophy, knowledge, and background to create a realistic and bona fide painting.

The process of making a thangka begins with stitching a loosely woven cotton fabric onto a wooden frame. Traditionally, the canvas was prepared by coating it with gesso, chalk, and base pigment.

After this, the outline of the form of the deity is sketched with a pencil or charcoal onto the canvas using iconographic grids. The drawing process is followed in accordance with strict guidelines laid out in Buddhist scriptures. The systematic grid helps the artist to make a geometrical and professional painting. When the drawing of the figures is finalized and adjusted, it is then outlined with black ink.

Earlier, a special paint of different colors was made by mixing powdered forms of organic (vegetable) and mineral pigments in a water-soluble adhesive. Nowadays, artists use acrylic paints instead. The colors are now applied to the sketch using the wet and dry brush techniques. One of the characteristic features of a thangka is the use of vibrant colors such as red, blue, black, green, yellow, etc.

In the final step, pure gold is coated over some parts of the thangka to increase its beauty. Due to this beautification, thangkas are much more expensive and also stand out from other ordinary paintings.

Thangka paintings are generally kept unrolled when not on display on the wall. They also come with a frame, a silken cover in front, and a textile backing to protect the painting from getting damaged. Because Thangkas are delicate in nature, they are recommended to be kept in places with no excess moisture and where there is not much exposure to sunlight. This makes them last a long time without their colors fading away. Painting a thangka is an elaborate and complex process and requires excellent skills. A skilled artist can take up to 6 months to complete a detailed thangka painting. In earlier times, thangka painters were lamas that spent many years on Buddhist studies before they painted.