Sarva Darsana Samgraha of Sayana Madhava (With Commentary in Sanskrit by Vasudev Shastri Abhyankar)

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I well remember the interest excited among the learned Hindus of Calcutta by the publication of the Sarva-darsana samgraha of Madhava Acarya in the Bibliotheca Indica in 1858 It as originally edited by Pandit Isvara-Candra Vidyasagarz but a subsequent edition, with no important alterations, wa ublished in 1872 by Pandit Taranatha Tarkavacaspati, Th work had been used by Wilson in his "Sketch of the Religion Sects of the Hindus" (first published in the Asiatic Researches vol. xvi., Calcutta, 1828) ; but it does not appear to have been ever much known in India, MS. copies of it are very scarce; an. those found in the North of India, as far as I have had an opportunity of examining them, seem to be all derived from one copy, brought originally from the. South, and therefore written in the Telugu character. Certain mistakes are found in all alike, and probably arose from some illegible readings in the old Telugu original. I have noticed the same thing in the Nagari copies of Madhava's Commentary on the Black Yajur Veda, which are current in the North of India.

As I was at that time the Oriental Secretary of the Bengal Asiatic Society, I was naturally attracted to the book; and subsequently read• it with my friend Pandit Mahesa Nyayaratna, the present Principal of ,the Sanskrit College a Calcutta. I always hoped to translate it into English; but I was continually prevented by other engagements while I remained in India. Soon after my return to England, I tried to carry out my intention; but I found that several chapters, to which I had not paid the same attention as to the rest, were too difficult t. be translated in England, where I could no longer enjoy the advantage of reference to my old friends the Pandits of the Sanskrit College. In despair I laid my translation aside for years, until I happened to learn that my friend, Mr. A. E. Cough, at that time a Professor in the Sanskrit College at Benares, was thinking of translating the book. I at once proposed to him that we should do it together, and he kindly consented to in my proposal; and we accordingly each undertook certain chapters of the work. He had the advantage of the help of some of the Pandits of Benares, especially of Pandit Rama Misra, the assistant Professor of Sankhya, who was himself a Ramanuja, and I trust that, though we have doubtless left some things unexplained or explained wrongly, we may have been able to throw light on many of the dark sayings with which the original abounds. Our translations were originally published at intervals in the Benares Pandit between 1874 and 1878; but they have been carefully revised for their present republication.

The work itself is an interesting specimen of Hindu critical ability. The author successively passes in review the sixteen philosophical systems current in the fourteenth century in the South of India, and gives what appeared to him to be their most important tenets, and the principal arguments by which their followers endeavoured to maintain them; and he often displays some quaint humour as he throws himself for the time into the position of their advocate, and holds, as it were, a temporary brief in behalf of opinions entirely at variance with his own, We may sometimes differ from him in his judgment of the relative importance of their doctrines, but it is always interesting to see the point of view of an acute native critic. In the course of his sketches he frequently explains at some length obscure details in the different systems; and I can hardly imagine a better guide for the European reader who wishes to study anyone of these Darsanas in its native authorities. In one or two cases (as notably in the Bauddha, and perhaps in the Jaina system) he could only draw his materials second-hand from the discussions in the works of Brahmanical controversialists; but in the great majority he quotes directly from the works of their founders or leading exponents, and he is continually following in their track even where he does not quote their exact words.

The systems are arranged from the Vedanta point of view, our author having been elected, in A.D. 1331, the head of the Smarta order in the Math of Srrigeri in the Mysore territory, founded by Samkara Acarya, the great Vedantist teacher of the eighth century, through whose efforts the Vedanta became what it is at present-the acknowledged view of Hindu ortho-doxy. The systems form a gradually ascending scale,-the first, the Carvaka and Bauddha, being the lowest as the furthest removed from the Vedanta, and the last, the Sankhya and Yoga, being the highest as approaching most nearly to it.

The sixteen systems here discussed attracted to their study the noblest minds in India throughout the medieval period of its history. Hiouen Thsang says of the schools in his day: "Les ecoles philosophiques sont constamment en lutte, et le bruit de leurs discussions pasionnees seleve comme les flots de la mer. Les heretiques des diverses sectes sattachent a des maitres particuliers, et, par des voies differentes, marchent tons au meme but." We can still catch some faint echo of the din as we read the medieval literature. Thus, for instance, when King Harsa wanders among the Vindhya forest, he finds" seated on the rocks and reclining under the trees Arhata begging monks, Svetapadas, Mahapasupatas, Pandarabhiksus, Bhagavatas, Varnins, Kesaluficanas, Lokayatikas, Kapilas, Kanadas, Aupanisadas, Isvarakarins, Dharmasastrins, Pauranikas, Saptatantavas, Sabdas, Pancaratrikas, etc., all listening to their own accepted tenets and zealously defending them." Many of these sects will occupy us in the ensuing pages; many of them also are found, in Madhava's poem on the controversial triumphs of Sankara Acarya, and in the spurious prose work on the same subject, ascribed to Anantanandagiri.