Journal of The Department of Anthropology- University of Calcutta, Volume: 18

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This issue of the Departmental Journal is an enthusiastic and dedicated special issue for the Pre-Centenary celebrations of the Department of Anthropology, University of Calcutta. This issue intricate the relevance of Anthropology in the contemporary society which is reflected by the unique contributions of different scholars covering almost all the specialized fields of Anthropology: I am delighted to be able to write a few words of introduction to this memorable issue. It is published at every important time. We can all benefit from this issue the development of the thinking and dialogue in Anthropology about research and our developing relationship with the world of science and other discipline. The journal was conceptualized towards the intellectual foundations of interpretive discussion, and this issue elaborated its distinctive pedagogy, studied its patterns and impact on the perspectives of contemporary researches and societal benefits. This issue of the journal can help the readers to develop a shared vision and understanding of interpretive discussion and its flexible uses across subject and its sub- disciplines. Reading this book, one can find the excellent efforts of the contributors, who made the grand success by contributing research papers concerning the urgent issues of Anthropology.

We are indeed happy to publish this special issue containing 25 articles that cover range of research topics. We strongly believe that the readers will enjoy reading the paper and recommend them to their colleagues and students to further disseminate the finding and enhance the impact of the research studies.

Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome (Methi) is a defined cluster of cardio-metabel abnormalities that increases an individual's risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) It is a constellation of interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin (Grundy 2005). The constellation of centrally distributed obesity, decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), elevated triglycerides, high blood pressures, and hyperglycemia is known as Syndrome X (Zimmet et al. 2005) Persons with Syndrome X are at essentially twice the risk for CVD 2 compared to those without the syndrome. It further raises the risk for T2DM by about five-fold (Grundy, 2008) Its precise definition varies slightly between guidelines issued by expert groups such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance, the National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. However, all definitions include obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, as a risk factor, with the IDF guidelines identifying obesity as a prerequisite. The prevalence varies according to ethnicity, age, sex, the definition used and the group assessed. Each component of the Syndrome X is an independent risk factor for both CVD and T2DM.On one hand, the combination of these risk factors accelerates the severity of a spectrum of cardiovascular ailments including micro vascular dysfunction, coronary atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, and on the other hand, increases the susceptibility of diabetic ailments like diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy etc. It accelerates both macro-vascular and micro-vascular complications frequently observed in T2DM.

A trait under positive selection must be beneficial, thereby increasing survival and reproduction, and the trait must also be heritable. This positive selection has been attributed to particular DNA variants that become more common since of the beneficial effects on those who carry those (Kelley & Swanson, 2008). However, a trait that may be advantageous at one point in human history may be detrimental under different environmental conditions.

**Contents and Sample Pages**