Handbook on Butterflies of Himachal Pradesh

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Himachal Pradesh is a state in North India situated between 30° 22 and 30 12 north latitude between 75" 47 and 79° 4' cast longitude and encompasses of an area of about 55.780 kilometres which is 10.54% of the total Himalayan land mass. It is a hill state in the Western Himalaya with varied topography and agroclimatic conditions. Its altitude ranges from 350 m to 6000 m above the sea level. It is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on north, Punjab west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on south, Uttarakhand on south-cast and form the international boundary and part of China on the cast. The literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh is Region of snowy mountains The hills of Himalayas in are characterized by important ranges ie Shiwalik (Lesser Himalayas), Dhauladhar (Middle Himalayas), Pir Panjal (Great Himalayas), Zanskar and Karakoram (Trans Himalayas). Himachal- Pradesh (Fig 2) is administratively divided into 12 districts viz Kangra, Hamirpur, Bilaspur, Mandi, Kullu, Lahaul and Spits, Kinnaur, Chamba, Shimla, Solan, Sirmour and Una. The climate varies from semi-tropical to semi-arctic depending on the altitude of the region. However, the state experiences four seasons in the lower altitudes Le Summer (March to June), Monsoon (July to September). Post Monsoon (October to November) and winter (December to February). It has the area in Dharmshala in district Kangra that receive very high rain fall. The areas of the great Himalaya and Trans Himalayas under which comes the district Lahaul-Spiti, Kinnaur and Pangi valley of the district Chamba remains cold throughout the year and most of the year covered with snow. The range has arid climate and winter temperature plunges to -30° to 40°C The 63.9% of the state is under thick forest. Broadly the forests are of three types Le Tropical, Sub tropical. Temperate.

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