Advances in Fish and Wildlife Ecology and Biology

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This book provides an understanding on a large variety of related topics in Advances in Fish and Wildlife Ecology and Biology. The further development on molecular and cellular biology and ecology leads to assimilate the newer scientific knowledge in this area. This book to produce a valuable source of reference for teachers, researcher, and advanced students of biological science. It is also providing information on the environmental stressors on the responses of freshwater fish across molecular to population level.

Pinky Ramachandran is a wildlife biologist from India. She was credited with the discovery of a species of freshwater crab. Pinky Ramachandran earned her master's degree in Wildlife Sciences from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. She is an assistant professor in the Wildlife Sciences Department. Pinky Ramachandran has been a Doctoral Candidate in the School of Biological Sciences.

Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of living fish species are ray-finned fish, belonging to the class Actinopterygii, with around 99% of those being teleosts. The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods.

Habitat fragmentation and degradation are the focal themes in the conservation of flora and fauna worldwide. These issues are accentuated in developing countries due to large developmental projects and the dependence of local people on natural resources. As a result, natural resources today face enormous pressures, the wild flora and fauna have declined over the years, and many species are now threatened with extinction. Loss of habitat and its rate of decline is faster than the rate at which earth's species are being assessed. Many species are likely to disappear even before they become known to science. An in-depth knowledge of the different facets of the ecology of species is needed to address conservation issues. This department is dedicated to gaining an understanding of the ecology of wild fauna and their conservation issues. This discipline cuts across subjects' areas of animal population ecology, behavioural ecology, biogeography, community ecology, trophic interactions, systematics, conservation genetics and meta-population dynamics. The department also strives to use modern technology. development of methods for monitoring animal populations, and survey of rare and elusive species.

Wildlife ecology began as applied science discipline during the 1920s and 1930s at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with the development of an academic program by Aldo Leopold. Wildlife ecology is the science behind the practice of wildlife management that seeks to manage wildlife populations for the benefit of humans.

Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. Finally, all organisms are able to regulate their own internal environments.